Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) represents a revolutionary approach to food production that utilizes advanced technologies to optimize growing conditions while minimizing resource consumption and environmental impact. This article examines recent advances in hydroponic and aeroponic systems, two prominent CEA technologies that have gained significant attention for their potential to address global food security challenges. Through precise control of nutrients, water, light, and environmental conditions, these soilless cultivation methods offer superior crop yields, enhanced resource efficiency, and year-round production capabilities. Recent technological innovations including IoT integration, artificial intelligence, LED lighting systems, and automated nutrient management have further enhanced the efficiency and scalability of these systems. This comprehensive review explores the principles, advantages, challenges, and future prospects of hydroponics and aeroponics in modern agriculture.