Genetically modified (GM) crops have emerged as one of the most debated agricultural technologies of the 21st century, with significant implications for global food security and safety. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted effects of GM crop adoption on food production, accessibility, nutritional quality, and safety considerations. Since commercial introduction in 1996, GM crops have been cultivated on over 190 million hectares globally, with major crops including herbicide-tolerant soybeans, insect-resistant corn, and biofortified varieties addressing nutritional deficiencies. Scientific evidence demonstrates that GM crops have contributed to increased yields (6-25% average increase), reduced pesticide use (37% reduction globally), and enhanced nutritional content in specific crops. However, concerns persist regarding long-term safety, environmental impacts, and socioeconomic implications for smallholder farmers. This analysis synthesizes current research findings, regulatory frameworks, and real-world outcomes to provide evidence-based insights into the role of GM crops in addressing global food security challenges while ensuring food safety standards.